Analyzing the Renewable Energy Industry in Russia

In 2007, Russia’s real gross domestic product (GDP) surpassed average growth rates in all other G8 countries, marking the country’s seventh consecutive year of economic expansion. Russia’s economic growth over the past seven years has been driven primarily by energy exports, given the increase in Russian oil production and relatively high world oil prices during the period.

Internally, Russia gets over half of its domestic energy needs from natural gas, up from around 49 percent in 1992. Since then, the share of energy use from coal and nuclear has stayed constant, while energy use from oil has decreased from 27 percent to around 19 percent.

Renewable energy effectively uses natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat, which are naturally replenished. Renewable energy technologies range from solar power, wind power, hydroelectricity/micro hydro, biomass and biofuels for transportation.

In 2006, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, like wood-burning. Hydropower was the next largest renewable source, providing three percent, followed by hot water/heating which contributed 1.3%. Modern technologies, such as geothermal, wind, solar, and ocean energy together provided some 0.8% of final energy consumption. The technical potential for their use is very large, exceeding all other readily available sources.

Renewable energy technologies are sometimes criticized for being unreliable or unsightly, yet the market is growing for many forms of renewable energy. Wind power has a worldwide installed capacity of 74,223 MW and is widely used in several European countries and the USA. The manufacturing output of the photovoltaics industry reached more than 2,000 MW per year in 2006, and PV power plants are particularly popular in Germany.

Russia has now started realizing the potential of renewable energy and has started developing the industry rapidly.

Aruvian Research presents a focus on the Renewable Energy Industry in Russia in its report – Analyzing the Renewable Energy Industry in Russia. The report is a complete analysis of the various sectors of renewable energy in Russia. Starting with an analysis of the energy issues facing Russia and the overall renewable energy industry in Russia, the report analyzes the following renewable commodities: small hydro power, biomass, wind energy, hydro energy, nuclear power, and wind energy. Russia’s environment for the development of renewable energy is also discussed in details in the report. Regulatory frameworks, government schemes promoting the use of renewable energy, etc., are all described in the report.

Major industry players promoting and developing the industry are also profiled in the Aruvian’s Analyzing the Renewable Energy Industry in Russia. Apart from the Russian Renewable Energy Industry, the report also gives a profile of the global energy industry, the global renewable energy industry, as well as Russia’s energy industry.

Table of Contents

Executive Summary

Section 1: Analyzing the Global Energy Industry

B. A Look at the Global Energy Industry
B.1 Global Energy Demand & Resource
B.2 Energy Consumption Patterns Worldwide
B.2.1 Energy Demand – Oil Based
B.2.2 Energy Demand – Coal Based
B.2.3 Penetration of Natural Gas in Energy Markets
B.2.4 Electricity Driven Demand
B.2.5 Role of Nuclear Energy as Energy Feeder
B.2.6 Hydroelectricity Consumption

C. Revenue Returns on Global Energy Markets
C.1 Oil Demand – Fuelling Growth Worldwide
C.2 China’s Coal Demand – Major Influence in World Markets
C.3 Developing World Electricity Consumption - Adding Up in the Global Pie
C.4 Renewable Energy
C.4.1 Hydroelectricity
C.4.2 Wind Energy

D. Global Energy Demand & Supply Dynamics
D.1 Oil
D.2 Natural Gas
D.3 Energy Prices
D.4 Energy Usage

E. Global Energy Market – Future Outlook

Section 2: Analyzing the Global Renewable Energy Industry

A. A Look at the Global Renewable Energy Industry
A.1 Introduction & Market Profile
A.2 Global Market Capacity
A.3 Wind Energy Market Analysis
A.4 Solar PV Market Analysis
A.5 Global Solar Water Heaters Market Analysis
A.6 Small & Large-Scale Hydroelectricity
A.7 Need for Stability in GHG Emissions
A.8 Common Barriers to Renewable Energy

B. Analyzing the Global Policies Promoting Development of Renewable Energy
B.1 US Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) of 1978
B.2 Electricity Feed-In Laws
B.3 Competitively Bid Renewable Resource Obligations
B.4 Renewable Energy Portfolio Standards (RPS)
B.5 Renewable Energy Certificates
B.6 Cost Reduction Policies
B.7 Public Benefit Funds
B.8 Market Infrastructure Policies
B.9 Net Metering
B.10 Transport Biofuels Policies
B.11 Emissions Trading Policies
B.12 Renewable Energy Targets

C. Global Renewable Energy Industry Case Studies
C.1 Renewable Energy in China
C.2 Renewable Energy in India
C.3 Renewable Energy in the Philippines
C.4 Renewable Energy in Malaysia
C.5 Renewable Energy in Thailand
C.6 Wind Energy in Denmark
C.7 Solar Photovoltaic Manufacturing in Japan

Section 3: Analyzing the Russian Energy Industry

A. Introduction to the Industry

B. Drivers of Energy Demand
B.1 Demand Drivers
B.2 Final Energy Demand per Industry
B.2.1 Industrial Use
B.2.2 Transportation Energy Consumption
B.2.3 Residential & Commercial Use
B.3 Primary Energy Demand

C. Major Issues in the Russian Energy Industry
C.1 Lowering of Energy Intensity
C.2 Development of Export Outlets & Facilities
C.3 Development of the Nuclear Energy Industry
C.4 Production Barriers in Oil & Gas Sectors

D. Role of the State in the Russian Energy Industry

E. Analyzing Russia’s Energy Policy
E.1 Introduction
E.2 Objectives of the Russian Energy Strategy
E.3 Primary Energy Resources in Russia
E.3.1 Natural Gas
E.3.2 Oil
E.3.3 Non-Conventional Oil
E.3.4 Coal
E.3.5 Electricity
E.4 Climate Change Factor
E.5 EU-Russia Energy Dialogue
E.6 Russia & the Ratification of the Energy Charter Treaty
E.7 Major Challenges for the Russian Energy Policy

F. Overview of the Major Energy Sectors
F.1 Oil
F.2 Natural Gas
F.3 Coal
F.4 Electricity

Section 4: Analyzing the Russian Renewable Energy Industry

A. History of Renewable Energy Technologies in Russia

B. How Would Russia Benefit from Renewable Energy
B.1 Introduction
B.2 R&D on Renewables
B.3 Looking at the Potential Market for Renewables in Russia
B.4 Efficient Renewable Policies

C. Importance of Renewable Energies in Russia
C.1 Introduction
C.2 Potential of Renewable Energy
C.3 Resource Potential of Biomass
C.4 Resource Potential of Hydro Power
C.5 Resource Potential of Wind Energy
C.6 Resource Potential of Solar Energy
C.7 Resource Potential of Geothermal Energy
C.8 Role of Renewables in the Energy Market
C.8.1 Usage in Electricity Generation
C.8.2 Usage in Heat Generation
C.9 Analyzing the Applications of Renewable Energy Technologies
C.9.1 Grid-connected Electricity Supply
C.9.2 Off-grid Electricity Supply
C.9.3 Energy Use for Heating
C.9.4 Industrial Applications

D. Renewable Energy in Russia – an Economical, Social & Environmental Perspective
D.1 Securing the Domestic Energy Supply
D.2 Energy Exports as Source of Earning
D.3 Diversification of the Russian Economy
D.4 Achieving Economic & Social Stability
D.5 Environmental Benefits

E. Facilitating Market Deployment
E.1 How to Go About it
E.2 Required Government & Regulatory Support
E.3 Raising Awareness
E.4 Required Measures
E.5 Conclusion

F. Analyzing the Renewable Energy Resources in Russia
F.1 Solar Energy Resources
F.2 Wind Energy Resources
F.3 Hydro Energy Resources
F.4 Biomass Energy Resources
F.5 Geothermal Energy Resources

G. Analyzing the Potential Markets for Renewable Energy Development
G.1 Looking at Decentralized Areas
G.2 Looking at Centralized Areas

H. Market Analysis & Development
H.1 Analyzing the Market for Solar Energy
H.2 Analyzing the Market for Wind Energy
H.3 Analyzing the Market for Biomass
H.4 Analyzing the Market for Small Hydro Power
H.5 Analyzing the Market for Geothermal Power

I. Analyzing Biofuels in Russia
I.1 Introduction
I.2 Policies Favoring the Development of Biofuels
I.3 Using Fuel & Lubricants in Agriculture for Biofuels
I.4 Production Statistics of Biofuel
I.4.1 Bioethanol
I.4.2 Biodiesel
I.5 Import Regulations Affecting Biofuels
I.6 Realizing the Energy Potential of Biofuels
I.7 Rapeseed Production for Biodiesel
I.8 Conclusion

J. Analyzing Nuclear Power in Russia
J.1 Introduction & Market Profile
J.2 Russia’s Electricity Supply
J.3 Nuclear Capacity
J.4 Developing the Nuclear Capacity
J.5 Sector Organization
J.6 Export Scenario
J.7 Looking at Russia’s Reactor Technology
J.8 Improving the Reactor Technology
J.9 Looking at the Resources for Uranium & Uranium Mining
J.10 Fuel Cycle Facilities
J.11 Looking at the International Uranium Enrichment Centre (IUEC) Concept
J.12 Russian Policy on Used Fuel & Reprocessing
J.13 Decommissioning of Nuclear Reactors
J.14 Research & Development
J.15 Public Support for Nuclear Power
J.16 Non-Proliferation
J.17 Outlook

K. Analyzing the Nuclear Power Stations in Russia
K.1 Used Fuel & BN-600 Reactor
K.2 Balakovo Nuclear Power Plant
K.3 Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station
K.4 Kalinin Nuclear Power Plant
K.5 Kaliningrad Nuclear Power Plant
K.6 Kola Nuclear Power Plant
K.7 Kursk Nuclear Power Plant
K.8 Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant
K.9 Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant
K.10 Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant II
K.11 Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant
K.12 Russian Floating Nuclear Power Station

L. Potential Market for Commercial Opportunities
L.1 Generation of Electricity for Electric Power Grids from Wind Power
L.2 Generation of Electricity for Rural Areas through Hybrid Wind-Diesel & Biomass
L.3 Heating Buildings from Biomass
L.4 Hot Water for Buildings from Solar Thermal
L.5 Generating Electricity & Heat from Geothermal Energy

M. Challenges Facing the Renewable Energy Market

N. Incentives for the Development of Renewable Energy in Russia

O. Legislative Initiatives Required

P. Case Study: Wind-Diesel Hybrid Systems in Northern Russia
P.1 Introduction
P.2 Historical Background
P.3 Looking at the Region’s Wind Resource
P.4 Joint Collaboration with the for Hybrid Wind-Diesel Systems
P.5 Analyzing the Hybrid Systems
P.6 Monitoring of the Hybrid Systems
P.7 A Look at the Pilot Projects
P.8 Conclusion

Q. Analyzing the Hydroelectric Power Plants in Russia
Q.1 Bratsk Hydroelectric Plant
Q.2 Bureya Dam
Q.3 Cheboksary Hydroelectric Station
Q.4 Hydroproject
Q.5 Krasnoyarsk Hydroelectric Dam
Q.6 Nizhny Novgorod Hydroelectric Station
Q.7 Paatsjoki River Hydroelectric Plants
Q.8 Rybinsk Hydroelectric Station
Q.9 Saratov Hydroelectric Station
Q.10 Sayano-Shushenskaya Hydroelectric Station
Q.11 Volga Hydroelectric Station
Q.12 Volkhov Hydroelectric Plant
Q.13 Zhiguli Hydroelectric Station

R. Leading Industry Players
R.1 Atomstroyexport
R.2 HydroOGK
R.3 ITERA
R.4 Nitol Solar
R.5 Onexim Group
R.6 RusHydro
R.7 Solar Night Industries
R.8 TNK-BP

Section 5: Conclusion

A. Appendix

B. Glossary of Terms

Analyzing the Russian Biofuels Industry

Although biofuels are mainly used to replace or supplement the traditional petroleum-based transportation fuels, they can also be deployed to generate heat and electricity. Being an alternative to fossils, biofuels can be applied to existing vehicles with little or no engine modification. Although they release CO2 when burned in internal combustion engines, they differ from fossil fuels partly because their use reduces the net emission of carbon dioxide and other gases associated with global climate change and partly because they are biodegradable.

The recent sustained increase in international oil prices has once again highlighted the potential for biofuels to contribute to transport fuel demand, particularly in countries that import the bulk of fossil fuel supplies. Global concerns about the effects of fossil fuel use on the environment, as well as recognition of the benefits of energy supply diversification also support increasing biofuels production and use.

There is a lot happening in the field of biofuels in Russia, and to capture these, Aruvian Research brings you the complete guide to the Russian Biofuels Industry – Analyzing the Russian Biofuels Industry.

The report begins with an analysis of the basic know-hows one needs to be familiar with before starting on the fascinating journey of discovering the biofuels industry in Russia. The economics of biofuels, issues facing the industry, regulatory barriers as well as incentives, technologies involved, major types of biofuels, and many other topics are discussed in depth at the starting of the report.

Divided into four sections, Aruvian’s report then moves on to Section 2, which analyzes the Russian Energy Industry. From looking at the energy challenges facing the country to the rising demand for energy in the country, the section also takes a look at the various sectors of the energy industry such as oil, natural gas, coal, amongst others.

Section 3 is focused on the Russian Biofuels Industry. History of the industry’s development through the years, the biofuel policy in Russia, the strategic implementation of the biofuel policy, and much more is discussed in the report.

Section 3 is also a complete analysis of the biodiesel and ethanol industry in Russia. Market overview, statistics, R&D profile, production, and end-use technologies are just some of the points focused on in the section.

Section 3 also profiles the leading industry players (not many at this point), thus concluding the report.

Grab a copy of this report and get up-to-date on A to Z of the Russian Biofuels Industry.

Table of Contents

Executive Summary

Section 1: Understanding Biofuels

A. What are Biofuels?
A.1 History of Biofuels
A.2 Major Biofuels
A.3 Uses of Biofuels
A.4 What are Direct Biofuels?
A.5 Looking at Biobutanol
A.6 Looking at Ethanol & Biodiesel
A.6.1 Ethanol
A.6.2 Biodiesel
A.7 Pros & Cons of Biofuels
A.8 Future of Biofuels

B. Economics of Biofuels
B.1 Feedstock Costs
B.2 Processing Costs
B.3 Cost of Sales & Use
B.4 Overall Cost
B.5 Retail Cost & Tax Incentives

C. Impact of Biofuels
C.1 Policy Impact on Biofuels
C.1 Environmental & Economic Impact of Biofuels
C.1 Impact on Engines
C.1 Impact on Rural Development

D. Metamorphosis of the Energy Industry & Biofuels

Section 2: Analyzing the Russian Energy Industry

A. Introduction to the Industry

B. Drivers of Energy Demand
B.1 Demand Drivers
B.2 Final Energy Demand per Industry
B.2.1 Industrial Use
B.2.2 Transportation Energy Consumption
B.2.3 Residential & Commercial Use
B.3 Primary Energy Demand

C. Major Issues in the Russian Energy Industry
C.1 Lowering of Energy Intensity
C.2 Development of Export Outlets & Facilities
C.3 Development of the Nuclear Energy Industry
C.4 Production Barriers in Oil & Gas Sectors

D. Role of the State in the Russian Energy Industry

E. Analyzing Russia’s Energy Policy
E.1 Introduction
E.2 Objectives of the Russian Energy Strategy
E.3 Primary Energy Resources in Russia
E.3.1 Natural Gas
E.3.2 Oil
E.3.3 Non-Conventional Oil
E.3.4 Coal
E.3.5 Electricity
E.4 Climate Change Factor
E.5 EU-Russia Energy Dialogue
E.6 Russia & the Ratification of the Energy Charter Treaty
E.7 Major Challenges for the Russian Energy Policy

F. Overview of the Major Energy Sectors
F.1 Oil
F.2 Natural Gas
F.3 Coal
F.4 Electricity

Section 3: Analyzing the Russian Biofuels Industry

A. Analyzing Biofuels in Russia
A.1 Introduction
A.2 Policies Favoring the Development of Biofuels
A.3 Using Fuel & Lubricants in Agriculture for Biofuels
A.4 Realizing the Energy Potential of Biofuels
A.5 Rapeseed Production for Biodiesel

B. Production Statistics of Biofuel
B.1 Bioethanol
B.2 Biodiesel

C. Import Regulations Affecting Biofuels

D. Future Perspective of the Russian Biofuel Industry

E. Leading Industry Contributors
E.1 Bioethanol
E.2 Lukoil
E.3 Itera Ethanol LLC

Section 4: Conclusion

A. Appendix

B. Glossary of Terms

Analyzing Renewable Energy Industry in Scotland

The development of renewable energy in Scotland has come forward in technical, economic, and political terms during the opening years of the 21st century. The natural resource base for renewables is exceptional by European, and even global standards. In addition to an existing installed capacity of 1.3 Gigawatts (GW) of hydro-electric schemes, Scotland has an estimated potential of 36.5 GW of wind and 7.5 GW of tidal power, 25% of the estimated total capacity for the European Union and up to 14 GW of wave power potential, 10% of EU capacity. The renewable electricity generating capacity may be 60 GW or more, considerably greater than the existing capacity from all Scottish fuel sources of 10.3 GW.

Much of this potentiality remains unexploited, but continuing improvements in engineering are sanctioning more of the renewable resources to be utilised. Fears regarding "peak oil" and climate change have driven the subject high up the political agenda and are also boosting the use of various biofuels. Although the funds of many projects remain either risky or contingent on subsidies, it is probable that there has been a significant, and in all probability long-term change, in the underpinning economics.

Besides the planned increases in both mass generating capacity and microsystems using renewable sources, various related schemes to reduce carbon emissions are being researched. While there is substantial support from the public, private and community-led sectors, concerns about the effect of the technologies on the natural environment have been expressed. There is also an emerging political debate about the relationship between the siting, and the ownership and control of these widely distributed resources.

Aruvian Research presents a focus on the Renewable Energy Industry in Scotland in its report – Analyzing Renewable Energy in Scotland. The report is a complete analysis of the various sectors of renewable energy in Scotland. Starting with an analysis of the energy issues facing Scotland and the overall renewable energy industry in Scotland, the report analyzes the following renewable commodities: small hydro power, biomass, wind energy, tidal and wave energy, nuclear power, and wind energy. Scotland’s environment for the development of renewable energy is also discussed in details in the report. Regulatory frameworks, government schemes promoting the use of renewable energy, etc., are all described in the report.

Major industry players such as Scottish and Southern Energy, Ecotricity, Airtricity, etc., are also profiled in the Aruvian’s Analyzing Renewable Energy in Scotland.

Table of Contents

A. Executive Summary

B. Energy Issues in Scotland
B.1 Overview
B.2 Drivers for Future Energy Policy
B.2.1 Energy Supply Security
B.2.2 GHG Emissions
B.2.3 Energy Prices
B.3 Regulatory Issues
B.4 Issues with Energy Efficiency
B.5 Increasing the Use of Cleaner Energy
B.5.1 Inducing Emissions Control
B.5.2 Fuel Substitution with Renewables
B.6 Requirement of Cleaner Fuels for Transportation
B.7 Requirement of Cleaner Fuels for Heating
B.8 Requirement of Cleaner Fuels for Electricity
B.9 Looking at Nuclear Fission

C. Energy Sources in the UK & Scotland
C.1 Looking at the Sources of Energy
C.2 Reasons for Rising Energy Prices
C.2.1 Declining New Supplies of Oil & Gas
C.2.2 Privatization & Market Failure
C.2.3 Rising Demand & No Concept of Energy Efficiency
C.3 Looking at Climate Change
C.4 Conclusion

D. Looking at Scotland’s Electricity Network

E. Introduction to Renewable Energy in Scotland
E.1 Overview of the Renewable Energy Market in Scotland
E.2 Potential of Renewable Energy in Scotland
E.3 Scotland’s Renewable Resource Potential
E.4 Potential of Onshore Wind
E.5 Potential of Offshore Wind
E.6 Potential of Hydro Power
E.7 Potential of Biomass
E.8 Potential of Tidal & Wave Energy
E.9 Potential of Hydrogen & Other Technologies
E.10 A Look at Scotland’s 2020 Target

F. Reducing GHG Emissions in Scotland through Renewable Energy
F.1 Introduction
F.2 Electricity Requirements of Scotland
F.3 Looking at the 2010 Target
F.4 Looking at the 2020 Target
F.5 Closure of Conventional Power Plants
F.6 Will Renewables Fulfill the Rising Energy Demand?
F.7 Looking at Micro-Generation
F.8 Conservation of Energy
F.9 Building an Energy Strategy
F.10 Conclusion

G. Major Concerns related to Renewable Energy in Scotland

H. Wind Energy Industry in Scotland
H.1 Overview
H.2 World’s Largest Wind Turbine in Scotland
H.3 Wind Potential
H.4 Wind Variability in the Region
H.5 Issues with Aesthetics & Landscape
H.6 Community-owned Schemes
H.7 Looking at the Black Law Wind Farm
H.8 Looking at the Hadyard Hill Wind Farm
H.9 Looking at the Whitelee Wind Farm
H.10 Looking at the Clyde Wind Farm
H.11 Looking at the Beinn an Tuirc Windfarm
H.12 Looking at the Bowbeat Wind Farm
H.13 Looking at the Robin Rigg Wind Farm

I. Looking at the Findhorn Ecovillage

J. Biofuels in Scotland
J.1 Development of Biodiesel
J.2 Development of Biogas/Landfill Gas
J.3 Development of Solid Biomass

K. Biomass in Scotland
K.1 Introduction
K.2 Aims of the Scottish Biomass Action Plan
K.3 Overview of the Plan
K.4 Impact of Scotland on UK’s Biomass Strategy
K.5 A Look at Biomass Heating

L. Wave Power in Scotland

M. Tidal Energy Farms in Scotland
M.1 Introduction
M.2 Importance of Marine Energy
M.3 Impact of Tidal Energy
M.4 Looking at the Advantages of Tidal Current Energy
M.5 Looking at the Disadvantages of Tidal Current Energy
M.6 Socio-economic Advantages
M.7 Scotland’s Marine Resources
M.8 Limited Deployment of Marine Renewable Devices
M.9 Large Scale Hydro versus Micro-Hydro
M.10 Developing a Channel Model
M.11 Developing a Strategy for Base-load Generation
M.12 Challenges Facing Grid Connection & Extension
M.13 Opting for Embedded Generation
M.14 Usage of Energy Storage to Reduce Residual Excesses & Deficits
M.15 Combining Generation Methods to Increase Power
M.16 Research & Development in the Industry
M.17 Market Status & Opportunities
M.18 Resource Potential
M.19 Tidal Current Development Potential
M.20 Barriers to Development

N. Analyzing Small Hydro Schemes in Scotland
N.1 Understanding the Hydro Technology
N.2 Considering the Potential of a Site
N.3 Types of Turbines
N.3.1 Impulse Turbines
N.3.2 Reaction Turbines
N.4 Developing a New Hydro Scheme in Scotland
N.5 Electricity Prices & a Scheme’s Power Rating in Scotland

O. Impact of Climate Change on Deriving Energy from Small Hydro
O.1 Introduction
O.2 Relation between Climate Change & Small Hydro
O.3 Case Study: Ormiston Mill Small Hydro Scheme
O.4 Analyzing Climate Sensitivity
O.5 Deriving Projections from Climate Models
O.6 How to Adapt Small Hydro Schemes to Climate Change
O.7 Summing Up

P. Deriving Energy from Peat

Q. Deriving Energy from Waste

R. Looking at Other Renewable Energies & Methods of Lowering GHG Emissions
R.1 Hydro-electric
R.2 Solar Power
R.3 Geothermal
R.4 Carbon Offsetting
R.5 Hydrogen Economy

S. Analyzing Nuclear Power in Scotland
S.1 Market Overview
S.2 Looking at the Chapelcross Nuclear Station
S.3 Looking at the Hunterston A Nuclear Power Station
S.4 Looking at the Hunterston B Nuclear Power Station
S.5 Looking at the Torness Nuclear Power Station
S.6 Looking at Dounreay DFR
S.7 Looking at the Dounreay DFR

T. Looking at the Social-Environmental Impact of Renewable Energy in Scotland
T.1 Introduction
T.2 Support of the UK Government in Promotion of Renewable Energies
T.3 ‘Rurality’ & Renewable Energy
T.4 Support & Promotion of Renewable Energies in Scotland
T.5 Investigating the Impact of Renewable Energies on the Environment & the People
T.6 Conclusion

U. Case Studies
U.1 Looking at the Ben Cruachan Hydro-electric Power Station
U.2 Looking at Islay LIMPET

V. Leading Industry Contributors
V.1 A7 Energy
V.2 Airtricity
V.3 British Energy
V.4 British Nuclear Fuels plc
V.5 Centrica
V.6 Community Windpower
V.7 E.ON UK
V.8 Eco2
V.9 Ecotricity
V.10 Falck Renewables
V.11 Fred Olsen Renewables
V.12 Npower
V.13 RES
V.14 Scottish and Southern Energy
V.15 Scottish Hydro Electric
V.16 Scottish Nuclear
V.17 Shetland Aerogenerators
V.18 South of Scotland Electricity Board
V.19 Triodos Renewables
V.20 United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
V.21 Wavegen

W. Appendix

X. Glossary of Terms

Analyzing the Wind Power Industry in Denmark

Wind power provided nearly 20 percent of the Denmark's electricity in 2007, a significantly higher proportion than in any other country. Denmark was a pioneer in developing commercial wind power during the 1970s and today almost half of the wind turbines around the world are produced by Danish manufacturers such as Vestas.

Denmark has relatively modest average wind speeds in the range of 4.9 to 5.6 meters per second measured at 10 m height. Onshore wind resources are highest in the Western part of the country, and on the Eastern islands with coastlines facing South or West. The country has very large offshore wind resources, and large areas of sea territory with a shallow water depth of 5 to 15 m, where siting is most feasible. These sites offer higher wind speeds, in the range of roughly 8.5 to 9 m/s at 50 m height. There have been no major problems from wind variability, although there is a temporary problem resulting from the connection of a large bloc of wind power from offshore wind farms to a single point on a weak section of the transmission network.

Denmark is connected by transmission line to other European countries and therefore it does not need to install additional peak-load plant to balance its wind power. Instead, it purchases additional power from its neighbors when necessary. With some strengthening of the grid, Denmark plans to increase wind's share even further.

Aruvian Research presents its research report – Analyzing the Wind Power Industry in Denmark – a highly comprehensive research compilation of the booming wind power industry in Denmark. The report also provides a look at Denmark’s energy industry and a brief profile of the global wind power industry.

The report, Analyzing the Wind Power Industry in Denmark, explores the importance of wind power in today’s world. The report looks at the basics of the wind energy industry, economics, issues and barriers, and other such factors.

Aruvian’s offering includes a complete analysis of the Danish Wind Power Energy Industry, including an analysis of the companies operating in the industry, the regulatory framework in place, an industry profile, a complete profile of the Danish Offshore Wind Energy industry, developments in the market, challenges facing the industry, technological developments in turbines, and lots more information is included.

An analysis of the major wind farms in Denmark is also included in the report.

This research offering from Aruvian is a comprehensive A to Z guide on Denmark’s wind power industry.

Table of Contents

Executive Summary

Section 1: Brief Profile of the Global Wind Power Industry

A. Market Profile
A.1 Market Overview
A.2 Global Market Analysis
A.3 Benefits of Wind Power

B. Looking at Global Policies
B.1 Analysis of the Kyoto Protocol & Post 2012 Reductions Framework
B.2 Changes in Export Credit Agencies, Multi-Lateral Development Banks & International Finance Institutions

Section 2: Analyzing Denmark’s Wind Power Industry

A. Overview of Denmark’s Energy Industry
A.1 Market Profile
A.2 Progress towards National Objectives

B. Historical Background of Denmark’s Energy Policy
B.1 Historical Background
B.2 The Inclusion of Wind Energy in the Energy Policy
B.3 Role of Green Taxation
B.4 Looking at Denmark’s Offshore Wind Program
B.5 Support Schemes for Wind Energy & Other Renewable Energy
B.6 How Wind Energy Manages the Electrical Grid
B.7 Market Profile of Wind Energy in Denmark
B.8 National Incentive Programs
B.9 Is Wind Power in Denmark a Carbon-Neutral or Low-Carbon Power Source

C. Benefits of the Wind Energy Industry to Denmark’s Economy
C.1 Market Characteristics
C.2 Industrial Development & Operational Experience
C.2.1 Manufacturing Sector
C.2.2 Technical & Operational Experience
C.3 Economical Analysis
C.4 Meeting the Danish Certification Scheme

D. Research & Development Activities
D.1 Overview
D.2 Looking at the Energy Research Program
D.3 Looking at the PSO Program of the Transmission System Operators
D.4 Contribution of the Danish Research Agency
D.5 Role of the Riso National Laboratory
D.6 Supporting Collaboration in Research
D.7 R&D in MW Wind Turbines
D.8 Developing New Foundation Types
D.9 Looking at the Technical Approval Scheme

E. Economics of Wind Power & Price Setting
E.1 Overview
E.2 Production of Electricity
E.3 Economics of Wind Power Operation
E.4 Feed-in Tariffs for Wind Power

F. Analyzing the Industrial Impact of Wind Power
F.1 overview
F.2 Increase in Production
F.3 Successful Structural Developments
F.4 Denmark’s Contribution to the Global Wind Power Market
F.5 Synergy of the Danish Wind Energy Industry with the Global Oil Industry

G. Offshore Wind Energy in Denmark
G.1 Offshore Wind Power Policy
G.2 Agreement on Wind Energy & Decentralized Heat & Power
G.3 Double-Edged Development Strategy
G.4 Framework Conditions
G.5 Offshore Wind Energy Strategy
G.6 Tendering of Offshore Wind Farms
G.7 Action Plan on Offshore Wind Power
G.8 Screening Procedures for Offshore Areas
G.9 Looking at the Open-Door Procedure
G.10 Preliminary Studies
G.11 Required Authorizations
G.12 Attaining a Production Permit
G.13 Role of the EIA Report
G.14 Pilot Projects
G.15 Requirements for Offshore Wind Farms
G.16 Environmental Monitoring Program
G.17 Feed-in Tariffs for Offshore Wind Power
G.18 Future of Offshore Wind Power Expansion

H. Looking at Grid Connectivity for Offshore Wind Farms
H.1 Looking at Grid Connection
H.2 Interfaces Used for Grid Connection
H.3 System Rules
H.4 Reinforcing the Grid
H.5 Access on a Priority Basis
H.6 System Integration
H.7 Influence on the Market

I. Wind Farms in Denmark
I.1 Middelgrunden 40 MW Offshore Wind Farm
I.2 Horns Rev offshore Wind Farm
I.3 Nysted Offshore Wind Farm
I.4 Samsø Offshore Wind Farm
I.5 Tunø Knob Offshore Wind Farm
I.6 Vindeby Wind Farm
I.7 Paluduns Flak Offshore Wind Farm

J. Future Perspective: Danish Wind Energy Market

K. Leading Industry Contributors
K.1 A2SEA A/S
K.2 AH Industries A/S
K.3 Arvid Nilsson Danmark A/S
K.4 AVANTI
K.5 AVN Energy A/S
K.6 Bachmann electronic GmbH
K.7 BALLUFF ApS
K.8 Bladt Industries A/S
K.9 DONG Energy
K.10 FT Technologies ApS
K.11 Gamesa Wind Engineering ApS
K.12 Heléns Rør A/S
K.13 Hempel A/S
K.14 JSB Plast
K.15 KR Wind A/S
K.16 LM Glasfiber
K.17 Mita-Teknik A/S
K.18 Nissens A/S
K.19 Peter Madsen Rederi A/S
K.20 Siemens Wind Power A/S
K.21 Sika Danmark A/S
K.22 Suzlon Energy A/S
K.23 Vestas
K.24 WEA Technology A/S
K.25 Wind Cluster Denmark

L. Appendix

M. Glossary of Terms

Analyzing the Wind Power Industry in China

China’s rapid economic growth and heavy reliance on increasingly expensive foreign oil, the vast environmental toll that is one of the most apparent costs of China's economic success, persistent rural poverty in China and periodic power shortages all have impressed upon the Chinese government that renewable energy must be a large part of China's economy if China is to both complete its economic transformation and achieve "energy security". China rapidly has moved along the path of renewable energy development.

In the near-term China plans to develop 120000 MW’s of renewable energy by the year 2020; this would account for 12% of China’s total installed energy producing capacity. China's growth target for renewable energy production will require an investment of approximately 800 billion Yuan (~US$100 billion) by 2020.

At the end of 2007, wind power in China accounted for less than one per cent of electricity production in the country, with an installed capacity of just over 6 gigawatts (GW). China is the fifth largest producer of wind power, after Germany, the United States, Spain, and India.

Installed capacity of wind power in China increased 1040 MW or 82.5% from the end of 2005 to the end of 2006. Of the total of 80 wind farms presently operating in China, the China Longyuan Electric Power Group Corp. operates 32 wind farms in China; these 32 wind farms have 952 wind turbines that cumulatively have installed capacity of 780MW, or approximately 30% of total wind generating capacity in China.

Aruvian Research presents its research report – Analyzing the Wind Power Industry in China – a highly comprehensive research compilation of the booming wind power industry in China. The report also provides a look at China’s energy industry and a brief profile of the global wind power industry.

The report, Analyzing the Wind Power Industry in China, explores the importance of wind power in today’s world. The report looks at the basics of the wind energy industry, economics, issues and barriers, and other such factors. Case studies included in the report analyze the wind power industry in the various provinces of China.

Aruvian’s offering includes a complete analysis of the Chinese Wind Power Energy Industry, including an analysis of the companies operating in the industry, the regulatory framework in place, an industry profile, industry developments, challenges facing the industry, technological developments in turbines, and lots more information is included.

A comparative analysis of the wind power industry in China, India, & Spain is also included in the report, along with an analysis of the wind turbine manufacturing industry in China.

This research offering from Aruvian is a comprehensive A to Z guide on China’s wind power industry.

Table of Contents

Executive Summary

Section 1: Looking at China’s Energy Industry

A. Looking at the Energy Challenges Facing China

B. Looking at Some Facts
B.1 Background
B.2 Macroeconomic Drivers in China
B.3 Rising Demand for Energy in the Transportation Sector

C. Introduction to China’s Energy Industry
C.1 Overview of the Chinese Energy Industry
C.2 China’s Oil Industry
C.2.1 Market Overview
C.2.2 Exploration & Production
C.2.3 Network of Pipelines
C.2.4 Downstream/Refining
C.3 China’s Natural Gas Industry
C.3.1 Market Overview
C.3.2 Exploration & Production
C.3.3 Network of Pipelines
C.3.4 Liquefied Natural Gas in China
C.4 China’s Coal Industry
C.5 China’s Electricity Industry
C.5.1 Market Overview
C.5.2 Conventional Thermal Sources
C.5.3 Hydroelectricity

D. Analyzing China & US Energy Cooperation

Section 2: Brief Profile of the Global Wind Power Industry

A. Market Profile
A.1 Market Overview
A.2 Global Market Analysis
A.3 Benefits of Wind Power

B. Looking at Global Policies
B.1 Analysis of the Kyoto Protocol & Post 2012 Reductions Framework
B.2 Changes in Export Credit Agencies, Multi-Lateral Development Banks & International Finance Institutions

Section 3: Analyzing China’s Wind Power Industry

A. Historical Background of Wind Power in China

B. Analyzing the Chinese Wind Power Industry
B.1 Analysis of the Wind Power Resource in China
B.2 Supply & Demand Scenario
B.3 Companies in the Wind Energy Market
B.4 Market Potential & Technology Developments
B.5 Policy Environment

C. Present Market Status
C.1 Emergence of Grid-Connected Wind Farms
C.2 Present-day Installed Capacity of Wind Power
C.3 Role of the Concession Program
C.4 Analysis of Off-grid Wind Power Generation

D. Policy Developments
D.1 Policy & Program History
D.2 The Renewable Energy Law
D.3 Tax Incentives
D.4 Wind Power Concessions Approach
D.5 Government Financing Programs
D.6 Research & Development Programs
D.7 Other Policy Programs

E. Challenges Facing the Industry
E.1 Conflicts arising from Industry Institutions
E.2 Investment Loans & Taxes
E.3 Energy Price Distortions
E.4 Clashes between Foreign & Domestic Technologies

F. Risks for Wind Power Investors
F.1 Tariff Risks
F.2 Risks Associated with Wind Resource
F.3 Risks Associated with Equipment
F.4 Risks Associated with Grid Connectivity

G. Analyzing the Wind Turbine Manufacturing Market in China
G.1 Introduction & Market Profile
G.2 Production of Wind Turbines
G.3 Manufacturing of Turbine Components & Accessories
G.3.1 Production of Bearings
G.3.2 Production of Blades
G.3.3 Production of Electrical Controls
G.3.4 Production of Gearboxes
G.3.5 Production of Generators

H. Cost Analysis of China’s Wind Power Industry
H.1 Looking at the Historical Developments
H.1.1 Free Competition Stage (1990-1998)
H.1.2 Government Approved Prices (1998-2003)
H.1.3 Tender Prices/Approved Prices (2003-2005)
H.1.4 Bidding Price & Approved Price (2006 onwards)
H.2 Present-day Pricing Policy
H.3 Impact of the Pricing Policy
H.3.1 Increased Growth in Wind Power Market
H.3.2 Price Variations in Projects
H.3.3 Effect on Private & Foreign Investment
H.3.4 Looking at the Current Progress on the Policy
H.4 Determining the Patterns in the Wind Power Pricing Policy

I. Impact of Wind Power on China’s Environment
I.1 Environmental Benefits
I.2 Noise Impacts of Wind Power
I.3 Visual Impact of Wind Power
I.4 Impact on Birds
I.5 Dealing with Electromagnetic Radiation
I.6 Environmental Impact of Offshore Wind Farms

J. Case Studies
J.1 Wind Energy Development in Inner Mongolia
J.1.1 Resource Potential
J.1.2 Electricity Prices in the Region
J.1.3 Connectivity to the Grid
J.1.4 Establishment of a Turbine Manufacturing Industry
J.2 Wind Energy Development in the Hebei Province
J.2.1 Resource Potential
J.2.2 Electricity Prices in the Region
J.2.3 Connectivity to the Grid
J.2.4 Establishment of a Turbine Manufacturing Industry
J.3 Wind Energy Development in the Liaoning Province
J.3.1 Resource Potential
J.3.2 Electricity Prices in the Region
J.3.3 Connectivity to the Grid
J.3.4 Establishment of a Turbine Manufacturing Industry
J.4 Wind Energy Development in the Jilin Province
J.4.1 Resource Potential
J.4.2 Electricity Prices in the Region
J.4.3 Connectivity to the Grid
J.4.4 Establishment of a Turbine Manufacturing Industry
J.5 Wind Energy Development in the Guangdong Province
J.5.1 Resource Potential
J.5.2 Electricity Prices in the Region
J.5.3 Connectivity to the Grid
J.5.4 Establishment of a Turbine Manufacturing Industry
J.6 Wind Energy Development in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region
J.6.1 Resource Potential
J.6.2 Electricity Prices in the Region
J.6.3 Connectivity to the Grid
J.6.4 Establishment of a Turbine Manufacturing Industry
J.7 Wind Energy Development in the Jiangsu Province
J.7.1 Resource Potential
J.7.2 Electricity Prices in the Region
J.7.3 Connectivity to the Grid
J.7.4 Establishment of a Turbine Manufacturing Industry
J.8 Wind Energy Development in the Shandong Province
J.8.1 Resource Potential
J.8.2 Electricity Prices in the Region
J.8.3 Connectivity to the Grid
J.8.4 Establishment of a Turbine Manufacturing Industry
J.9 Wind Energy Development in Dachen Islands
J.10 Nanhui Wind Farm

K. Comparing Wind Power Developments in China, India, & Spain
K.1 Overview
K.2 Comparing the Policy Environment
K.3 Comparing Technological Developments
K.4 Comparison of Expansion & Technology Developments of Leading Market Players
K.5 Conclusion

L. Future Perspective – China’s Wind Power Industry

M. Leading Industry Players
M.1 Anhui Hummer Dynamo Co., Ltd.
M.2 Baoding 550 Co
M.3 China Fulin Windpower Development Corporation
M.4 Dalian Heavy Machinery
M.5 Dongfang Steam Turbine Factory
M.6 Gamesa
M.7 GE Wind Power
M.8 Gold Wind Science and Technology Co. Ltd
M.9 Micon
M.10 Shanghai Bluesky Co.
M.11 Sinovel Wind Co. Ltd.
M.12 Suzlon Energy (Tianjin) Co, Ltd
M.13 Vestas
M.14 Wandian Co.
M.15 Wind Energy Corporation

Section 4: Conclusion

A. Appendix

B. Glossary of Terms

Analyzing Renewable Energy in China

China’s rapid economic growth and heavy reliance on increasingly expensive foreign oil, the vast environmental toll that is one of the most apparent costs of China's economic success, persistent rural poverty in China and periodic power shortages all have impressed upon the Chinese government that renewable energy must be a large part of China's economy if China is to both complete its economic transformation and achieve "energy security". China rapidly has moved along the path of renewable energy development.

In the near-term China plans to develop 120000 MW’s of renewable energy by the year 2020; this would account for 12% of China’s total installed energy producing capacity. China's growth target for renewable energy production will require an investment of approximately 800 billion Yuan (~US$100 billion) by 2020.

China has set a renewable energy target of 10% of electric power capacity by 2010 (expected 60 GW); 5% of primary energy by 2010 and 10% of primary energy by 2020. In the long term China has set an objective of having 30% or more of its total energy requirements satisfied by renewable sources by 2050.

The emerging renewable energy and sustainable development sectors in China have provided global companies who have products and services to sell to or buy from China's rapidly growing renewable energy and sustainable development sectors and other policy makers, NGOs and interested parties. There have been coordinated efforts by Chinese companies, industry associations, central and local government agencies and non-governmental organizations to develop the renewable energy sector.

Aruvian Research presents a focus on the Renewable Energy Industry in China in its report – Analyzing Renewable Energy in China. The report is a complete analysis of the various sectors of renewable energy in China. Starting with an analysis of the overall energy industry in China, the report analyzes the following renewable commodities: small hydro power, large and medium hydropower, biomass, solar, and wind energy. China’s environment for the development of renewable energy is also discussed in details in the report. Regulatory frameworks, government incentives, government programs promoting the use of renewable energy, etc., are all described in the report.

A comprehensive overview of the Chinese Renewable Energy Law is included to indicate the rising demand for energy in the country and how China is planning to meet these requirements. A profile of the Chinese energy industry and US cooperation is also included.

Major industry players such as China Sun Biochem, China Biodiesel International, Camco International, Renesola, etc., are also profiled in the Aruvian’s Analyzing Renewable Energy in China.

Table of Contents

Executive Summary

Section 1: Looking at China’s Energy Industry

A. Looking at the Energy Challenges Facing China

B. Looking at Some Facts
B.1 Background
B.2 Macroeconomic Drivers in China
B.3 Rising Demand for Energy in the Transportation Sector

C. Introduction to China’s Energy Industry
C.1 Overview of the Chinese Energy Industry
C.2 China’s Oil Industry
C.2.1 Market Overview
C.2.2 Exploration & Production
C.2.3 Network of Pipelines
C.2.4 Downstream/Refining
C.3 China’s Natural Gas Industry
C.3.1 Market Overview
C.3.2 Exploration & Production
C.3.3 Network of Pipelines
C.3.4 Liquefied Natural Gas in China
C.4 China’s Coal Industry
C.5 China’s Electricity Industry
C.5.1 Market Overview
C.5.2 Conventional Thermal Sources
C.5.3 Hydroelectricity

D. Analyzing China & US Energy Cooperation

Section 2: Analyzing China’s Renewable Energy

A. The Need for Renewable Energy in China
A.1 Introduction
A.2 Looking at Energy Security
A.3 International Competitive Pressure on Domestic Energy Markets
A.4 Impacts of Fossil Fuels on Health & the Environment
A.5 Economic Impact of the Growing Renewable Energy Market

B. Introduction to China’s Renewable Energy Industry
B.1 Market Profile
B.2 Challenges to the Development of China’s Renewable Energy Industry
B.3 International Support for China’s Renewable Energy Development
B.4 China’s Renewable Energy Goal
B.5 Major Government Players in Renewable Energy

C. Analyzing Wind Power in China
C.1 Introduction
C.2 Resource Potential of Wind in China
C.3 Development of Small-Scale Wind Turbines
C.4 Challenges Facing Development of Small-Scale Wind Power
C.5 Development of Grid-connected Wind Power
C.6 Challenges Facing Development of Wind Power in China
C.6.1 Cost Issues
C.6.2 Issues with Pricing Policy
C.6.3 Lack of Supportive Government Policy
C.6.4 Small Capacities of the Electric Grid
C.6.5 Low Wind Power Resource Assessment Capability
C.6.6 Difficulty in Obtaining Financing
C.7 Case Study: China Develops the Maglev Windmills

D. Analyzing the Market for Photovoltaics in China
D.1 Introduction
D.2 Market Profile
D.3 Domestic PV Developments & Manufacturing
D.4 Looking at Photovoltaic Products
D.5 Booming Solar Power Industry in China
D.6 Advantages of Solar Power in China
D.7 Making Photovoltaics Cost Competitive
D.8 Major Sources of Demand for Solar Power
D.9 China – The World Leader in Solar Energy

E. Analyzing the Growing Industry for Solar Water Heating in China
E.1 Introduction
E.2 Industry Developments
E.3 Technologies Being Used
E.4 Analysis of the Economics of Solar Water Heating
E.5 Analysis of Energy Displacement by Solar Water Heating
E.6 Looking at the Challenges
E.6.1 Unpredictable Product Quality
E.6.2 Lack of Proper Service & Maintenance

F. Analyzing Space Heating in China
F.1 Use of Passive Solar Design in the Chinese Housing Industry
F.2 Utilization of Geothermal Space Heating & Other Direct Uses
F.3 Using Biogas Pits
F.4 Other Rural Uses of Methane

G. Analyzing Alternative Cooking Processes in Use in China
G.1 Biomass Cooking Stoves
G.2 Solar Stoves
G.3 Stalk Gasification

H. Analyzing Hydropower Energy in China
H.1 Introduction
H.2 Looking at Medium & Large-sized Hydropower
H.3 Looking at Small Hydropower
H.4 Looking at Mini-hydropower
H.5 The Renewable Energy Policy & Hydropower

I. Analyzing Biomass in China
I.1 Introduction
I.2 Technologies Related to Biomass Power
I.3 Other Biomass Technologies
I.3.1 Gasification Technology
I.3.2 Technologies for Treating Urban Organic Waste
I.4 Challenges Facing the Commercialization of Biomass in China
I.4.1 Urban Waste
I.4.2 Creating Opportunities for Medium & Large Methane Projects from Organic Waste
I.4.3 Issues Related to the Development of Animal Waste Methane Projects
I.4.4 Environmental Pollution
I.4.5 Shortage of Capital
I.4.6 Lack of Investment Policies
I.5 Looking at Costing for Methane Recovery Projects in China

J. Looking at the Commercialization of Industrial Biogas in China
J.1 Introduction
J.2 Market Profile for Potential of Biogas Production
J.3 Future Plans for the Market
J.4 Challenges Facing the Development of Biogas
J.5 Gathering Support for the Development of Biogas
J.6 Increase in the Commercial Feasibility of Biogas in China
J.7 Conclusion

K. Analyzing Geothermal Energy in China
K.1 Introduction
K.2 Industry Development & Government Policies

L. Analyzing Tidal Electricity Generation in China
L.1 Marine Energy Technologies
L.2 Industry Developments & Progress

Section 3: Analyzing China’s Renewable Energy Policies

A. History of China’s Renewable Energy Policies

B. Looking at the Phases of Development of Renewable Energy

C. Major Challenges Facing the Development of Renewable Energy in China
C.1 Overview
C.2 Challenges in Grid Connected Renewable Electricity Generation
C.2.1 Chinese National Utility Barriers
C.2.2 Lack of Regulations Supporting Development of an Independent Power Industry
C.2.3 Problems with Electricity Pricing & Cost Distribution
C.2.4 Lack of Financing
C.2.5 Transportation Problems
C.2.6 Lack of Domestic Manufacturing Processes for Technologies Used
C.3 Challenges in On-Site, Grid Connected Renewable Energy Generating Technologies
C.4 Challenges in Non-Grid Connected Renewable Generating Technologies
C.5 Challenges in Non-Generating Renewable Technologies
C.6 Cost Issues related to Renewable Energies

D. Analyzing the Renewable Energy Policies in Other Countries versus China
D.1 Overview
D.2 Common Renewable Policy Mechanisms Implemented in Europe & the US
D.3 Fixed Purchases with Set Percentages
D.4 Fixed Purchases with Set Prices
D.5 Open Tenders & Reverse Auctions
D.6 Special Revenue Sources
D.7 Financial Incentives
D.8 Special Tariff

E. China’s Present Policy on Renewable Energy
E.1 Overview
E.2 People’s Republic of China Law on Electricity
E.3 1998 PRC Law on Energy Conservation
E.4 1994 Regulation for Grid Connected Wind Power Generation Management
E.5 Policies Related to Financing
E.6 Policies Related to Small Hydropower
E.7 Direct Financial Incentives
E.7.1 Customs Tariff Relief
E.7.2 Discount Loans
E.7.3 Discount Price
E.7.4 Income Tax Relief
E.7.5 Subsidies
E.7.6 Value Added Tax Relief
E.7.7 Looking at Incentives for Wind & Solar Energy Development in China – Region-wise Analysis
E.7.8 Research, Development and Demonstration Funds
E.8 Other Local Policies

F. Analyzing China’s Legislative System

G. Analyzing Technological Advancement in China & the Environmental Impact

H. Role of the Anti-Poverty Program & Renewable Energy

I. Looking at Government Policy on Environment & GHG Emissions
I.1 Overview
I.2 National Climate Change Program
I.3 Historical Background of Renewable Energy Measures
I.4 Pollution Control in China

J. Analyzing the Renewable Energy Law
J.1 Objectives of the Renewable Energy Law
J.1.1 Establishing the Government’s Role in the Renewable Energy Sector
J.1.2 Removing Market Barriers
J.1.3 Putting in Place a Proper Financing System
J.1.4 Providing a Roadmap for the Development of the Renewable Energy Sector
J.1.5 Establishing a Self-Sufficient Manufacturing Industry
J.1.6 Promoting Knowledge about the Industry
J.2 Regulations of the Renewable Energy Law
J.2.1 Segmenting Responsibilities
J.2.2 Present Regulations
J.2.3 Expected Future Regulations
J.2.4 Issuance of Policy Guidelines
J.2.5 Establishment of Technical Standards
J.2.6 Implementation of Local Regulations
J.3 Key Principles of the Renewable Energy Law
J.4 Establishment of Legislative Initiatives
J.5 Analyzing Renewable Energy Targets set by the Law
J.6 Analyzing Compulsory Grid Connection under the Law
J.7 Establishing Prices for Renewable Energy
J.7.1 Feed-in-Tariffs for Biomass
J.7.2 Feed-in-Tariffs for Solar Power
J.8 Establishing of Cost Sharing
J.9 Establishing of Investment Incentives for Renewable Energy
J.10 Other Features of the Renewable Energy Law
J.11 Looking at the Future Implementation of the Law

K. Analyzing the Issues in Implementing a Renewable Energy Project in China
K.1 Role of Corporate Structuring
K.2 Categories for Project Approval
K.3 China’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
K.4 Intellectual Property Rights Issues
K.5 Issues Faced During Project Planning & Implementation

Section 4: Analyzing the Leading Industry Contributors

A. Camco International

B. Canadian Solar Inc

C. China Biodiesel International

D. China Sun Biochem

E. Nordex

F. Renesola

G. Suntech Power Holdings

H. Suzlon

Section 5: Future Perspective of the Chinese Renewable Energy Industry

A. Future Perspective

Section 6: Conclusion

A. Appendix
A.1 Full Text of the Renewable Energy Law of China
A.2 Hierarchy of Laws in China
A.3 Figures & Tables

B. Glossary of Terms

Analyzing the Biofuels Market in Canada

Although biofuels are mainly used to replace or supplement the traditional petroleum-based transportation fuels, they can also be deployed to generate heat and electricity. Being an alternative to fossils, biofuels can be applied to existing vehicles with little or no engine modification. Although they release CO2 when burned in internal combustion engines, they differ from fossil fuels partly because their use reduces the net emission of carbon dioxide and other gases associated with global climate change and partly because they are biodegradable.

The recent sustained increase in international oil prices has once again highlighted the potential for biofuels to contribute to transport fuel demand, particularly in countries that import the bulk of fossil fuel supplies. Global concerns about the effects of fossil fuel use on the environment, as well as recognition of the benefits of energy supply diversification also support increasing biofuels production and use.

There is a lot happening in the field of biofuels in Canada, and to capture these, Aruvian Research brings you the complete guide to the Canadian Biofuels Industry – Analyzing the Biofuel Industry in Canada.

The report begins with an analysis of the basic know-hows one needs to be familiar with before starting on the fascinating journey of discovering the biofuels industry in Canada. The economics of biofuels, issues facing the industry, regulatory barriers as well as incentives, technologies involved, major types of biofuels, and many other topics are discussed in depth at the starting of the report.

Divided into four sections, Aruvian’s report then moves on to Section 2, which analyzes the Canadian Energy Industry. From looking at the energy challenges facing the country to the rising demand for energy in the country, the section also takes a look at the various sectors of the energy industry such as oil, natural gas, coal, amongst others.

Section 3 is focused on the Canadian Biofuels Industry. History of the industry’s development through the years, the biofuel policy in Canada, the strategic implementation of the biofuel policy, and much more is discussed in the report.

Section 3 is also a complete analysis of the biodiesel and ethanol industry in Canada. Market overview, statistics, R&D profile, production, and end-use technologies are just some of the points focused on in the section.

The economics, prices and competitiveness of biodiesel and ethanol in Canada is also touched upon, along with the benefits of biodiesel and ethanol and the barriers facing the development of biofuels in Canada.

Section 3 also profiles the leading industry players, thus concluding the report.

Grab a copy of this report and get up-to-date on A to Z of the Canadian Biofuels Industry.

Analyzing Renewable Energy in Brazil

Brazil’s energy industry is at a crossroads. After a decade of reforms and privatizations, Brazil is reevaluating its plans to meet growing energy needs following a crippling power shortage that rocked the nation in 2001 and a change of government on January 1, 2003.

The country’s energy policies of the last decade have been highly successful. Brazil has transformed itself from a major oil importer whose rising imports from the Middle East were leaving the country with crippling deficits to an expected net exporter of crude oil before the end of this decade. But the country’s energy use is expected to continue to climb in the coming years, and without further restructuring of its energy sector, Brazil may have difficulty ensuring that sufficient investment can be made to continue to meet the rising need for fuel and electricity. In particular, Brazil needs to address the future status of state oil giant Petróleo Brasilero S.A. (Petrobras), whose pervasive energy sector monopoly is hindering the development of competitive markets and discouraging needed private investment.

Approximately twenty million Brazilians living in remote communities do not have access to reliable electrical power. While the majority of these underserved reside in Brazil’s Northeast, the remainder dwell all over the country -- even in the well-developed states of the South and Southeast regions.

Brazil’s untapped potential to employ renewable energy resources such as biomass, solar (photovoltaic and thermal), small hydro and wind for electricity generation is tremendous. Recent economic analyses indicate that these indigenous energy sources can provide cost-effective and environmentally-sound alternatives to fossil fuel-based generation. With a potential $25 billion renewable energy market, business opportunities are limitless. However, government resources alone cannot meet the demand for off-grid energy, and those resources that are currently available support highly-subsidized programs.

Aruvian Research presents a focus on the Renewable Energy Industry in Brazil in its report – Analyzing Renewable Energy in Brazil. The report is a complete analysis of the various sectors of renewable energy in Brazil. Starting with an analysis of the overall business environment in Brazil, the report analyzes the following renewable commodities: small hydro power, biomass, solar, and wind energy. Brazil’s environment for the development of renewable energy is also discussed in details in the report. Regulatory frameworks, government incentives, government programs promoting the use of renewable energy, etc., are all described in the report.

A comprehensive overview of the Brazilian electric power industry is included to indicate the rising demand for energy in the country and how Brazil is planning to meet these requirements. A brief profile of the global energy industry and a profile of the Brazilian energy industry are also included to further enhance the reader’s understanding of the renewable energy market in Brazil.

Major industry players such as Electrobras, Petrobras, Copersucar, etc., are also profiled in the Aruvian’s Analyzing Renewable Energy in Brazil.

Analyzing the Energy Industry in Brazil

The global energy industry has explored many options to meet the growing energy needs of industrialized economies wherein production demands are to be met with supply of power from varied energy resources worldwide. There has been a clearer realization of the finite nature of oil resources and the ever higher pushing demand for energy. The world has yet to stabilize on the complex geopolitical undercurrents which influence the oil and gas production as well as supply strategies globally.

Brazil’s energy industry is at a crossroads. After a decade of reforms and privatizations, Brazil is reevaluating its plans to meet growing energy needs following a crippling power shortage that rocked the nation in 2001 and a change of government on January 1, 2003.

The country’s energy policies of the last decade have been highly successful. Brazil has transformed itself from a major oil importer whose rising imports from the Middle East were leaving the country with crippling deficits to an expected net exporter of crude oil before the end of this decade. But the country’s energy use is expected to continue to climb in the coming years, and without further restructuring of its energy sector, Brazil may have difficulty ensuring that sufficient investment can be made to continue to meet the rising need for fuel and electricity. In particular, Brazil needs to address the future status of state oil giant Petróleo Brasilero S.A. (Petrobras), whose pervasive energy sector monopoly is hindering the development of competitive markets and discouraging needed private investment.

Aruvian Research’s report – Analyzing the Energy Industry in Brazil - analyzes the scope of Brazilian energy production from varied traditional sources as well as the developing renewable energy sources. In view of understanding energy transactions, the report also studies the revenue returns for investors in various energy channels which manifest themselves in Brazilian energy demand and supply dynamics.

In depth view has been provided in this report of Brazilian oil, electricity, natural gas, nuclear power, coal, wind, biofuel, solar and the small hydro power sectors. The various geopolitical interests and intentions governing the exploitation, production, trade and supply of these resources for energy production has also been analyzed by this report in a non-partisan manner.

With a future outlook for the global and the Brazilian energy market, a profile of the top players in the Brazilian energy industry – Aruvian’s report is a must-have!

Grab a copy of this report and get up-to-date on A to Z of the Brazilian Energy Industry.

Oil Prices Fall on Uncertainty

Oil prices were down on September 25 at under US$105 a barrel as investors weighed supply delays in the Gulf of Mexico against concerns that the U.S. credit crisis will slow global economic growth and hurt crude demand.

Light, sweet crude for November delivery was down US$1.48 to US$104.25 a barrel in electronic trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange by noon in Europe. The contract fell overnight 88 cents to settle at US$105.73.

About 66 percent of oil production and 61 percent of natural gas output in the Gulf of Mexico remains shut-in after the passage of Hurricanes Gustav and Ike, according to the U.S. Minerals Management Service. The Gulf area is home to a quarter of U.S. oil production and 40 percent of refining

Mexico's state oil company said on Tuesday this week that will for the time being lower oil production because U.S. refineries damaged by Ike have canceled shipment orders.

Petroleos Mexicanos, or Pemex, lowered its daily output by 250,000 barrels a day. The company said it expects production to be back to normal by the end of the week. Pemex produced an average of 2.75 million barrels a day in August, the latest available output figure.

OPEC's decision earlier this month to cut production by 520,000 barrels a day and militant threats to Nigerian oil operations have added to the supply shortage.

Traders are also concerned about the turmoil in the U.S. financial system will impact economic growth and crude demand from the world's biggest economy.

President George W. Bush strongly urged Congress to act quickly to pass a $700 billion financial industry bailout, warning Americans in Wednesday speech that failing to act fast risked dire economic consequences such as disappearing retirement savings, rising foreclosures, lost jobs and closed businesses.

"Markets hate uncertainty, and this thing is hanging over everybody's head," said Gavin Wendt, head of mining and resources research at consultancy Fat Prophets in Sydney. "I don't think anyone is too keen to take a position in oil either way right now."

With the administration's original proposal facing significant changes in Congress, top House leaders issued an upbeat statement late Wednesday saying there was progress toward revised legislation that could pass. Bush summoned presidential candidates Barack Obama, John McCain and legislative leaders to an extraordinary White House summit in hopes of hashing out a deal.

Oil investors are also eyeing the impact the bailout plan may have on the value of the dollar. Investors often buy crude futures as a hedge against a weakening dollar and inflation.

The price of oil "depends on the dollar, it has nothing to do with oil demand and supply," Chakib Khelil, the president of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, told journalists at a press conference in Algiers on Wednesday.

He said that oil prices would rise if the dollar weakens, as investors would use oil to hedge against the depreciating currency.

Source: www.mlive.com

Renewable Energy Companies in the US – Not Always United

Renewable-energy companies have been lobbying hard to get tax credits extended beyond the end of this year, but the appearance of a united front is belied by the fact that some of the biggest players in the solar and wind industries are also the same companies that have large businesses serving oil and gas.

That has reduced the effectiveness of the lobbying effort, according to some in the renewable industries. Hudson Clean Energy Managing Partner John Cavalier, speaking at a recent clean-energy conference hosted by Cowen & Co., urged the industry to "speak with one voice," saying the industry's lack of a united front may have stymied the adoption of favorable legislation. "Disparate lobbying efforts lead to failure," he said.

A key point of difference between pure-play renewable-energy companies and those with oil and gas interests is that the latter are against taxing oil and gas companies to pay for the extension of the tax credits, which are due to expire Dec. 31.

Legislators have also been divided on how to finance those extensions. House Democrats have insisted on them being fully funded and some of the original versions of legislation included raising taxes on oil and gas companies. Opposition from the Republican party led to a revision of the bill to include taxes on multinational companies and hedge funds as means to offset the expenditure on the tax credits for renewables. But the current bill, which has just received approval by the Senate and is due to be considered by the House next, has the oil and gas tax increases back in.

Companies that have both large renewables and oil and gas businesses include General Electric Co. (GE), which plans to invest up to $6 billion in renewable energy through its GE Energy Financial Services subsidiary through 2010. GE's Oil & Gas unit, meanwhile, which makes equipment and services for drilling, refining and other aspects of the industry, had revenue of $3.43 billion for the six months ended June 30.

BP Alternative Energy is another major investor in renewables. That company plans to invest up to $8 billion in alternatives over a 10-year period. Clearly, being part of major oil producer BP PLC (BP), the company cares about what happens to the oil and gas business. These companies are also the ones with the biggest budgets for lobbying.

BP didn't sign a letter from the industry to Senate members dated Sept. 12 that advocated the passage of tax-credit extensions.

"BP supports the extension the investment-tax credit but we don't believe that other forms of energy should be disadvantaged," said Tom Mueller, spokesman for BP America Inc. "The bill that this letter addressed includes additional taxes, so BP doesn't support that bill, which is why we are not a signatory to the letter that essentially is supporting the bill."

The company, meanwhile, spent $5.2 million on lobbying efforts for the oil and gas industries in 2008, according to OpenSecrets.org. American Wind Energy Association, the trade group that lobbies the government on behalf of the wind industry, meanwhile, spent $460,379 this year on its lobbying efforts.

Other oil companies such as Royal Dutch Shell PLC (RDSA), which invested about $1 billion into alternative energy over the past five years, and Chevron Corp. ( CVX), which committed to make about $100 million of investments per year in the sector, were notably absent from the signatories of the letter.

Chevron spent $6.2 million on lobbying for the oil and gas industries in 2008, according to OpenSecrets.org.

GE Energy Financial Services spokesman Andy Katell said his company also is concerned over tax increases for oil and gas. He added: "We do support the [ production tax credit] and the [investment tax credit]. We leave the issue of how to pay for this to the politicians." GE signed the Sept. 12 letter.

The GE unit actually came out with a study over the summer that showed that tax credits for renewable energy pay for themselves, by creating additional jobs and keeping business in the U.S., which generates additional corporate and income taxes flowing to the Treasury.

Source: Dow Jones

Reality of Energy & Politics

A recent Denver Post editorial urged Congress to approve an energy program proposed by a bipartisan group of Senators then called the "Gang of 10."

That group has since been joined by ten other Senators, including Colorado's Ken Salazar, and is now called the "Gang of 20."

Their proposal would allow some limited drilling for oil and natural gas off the southeastern coast of the U.S. and in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, provide subsidies for vehicles that don't use petroleum-based fuels, and extend subsidies for renewable energy.

Although the Post's editorial said that proposal had the best chance of being passed by the "bickering Congress," others have disagreed, notably the House of Representatives.

On September 16 the House rushed through, by a largely party-line vote with no substantive debate, a 245-page bill titled "The Comprehensive Energy Security and Consumption Act."

Some call that bill a sham and a hoax because it would permanently block drilling in the areas where the most oil and gas can be found and contains other counterproductive measures, and say it was designed mainly to give cover in the comining election to those who oppose drilling.

In any case, the Senate is expected to reject it, so it now appears no energy legislation will be passed this year. That may be the best we can hope for.

Instead of hastily chosen provisions-some good and some bad-as in both Congressional proposals and the energy programs announced by both Presidential candidates, the U.S. critically needs an energy policy that is truly comprehensive, realistic and rational.

All our elected representatives and leaders - the next President, the Congress, and state governments - must put the nation's welfare ahead of politics and work cooperatively to deal with the energy challenges we face.

The first step should be becoming much better informed on all the relevant facts and issues, followed by agreeing on the proper objectives.

So far, most proposed energy programs - none of which constitute a truly comprehensive policy - have one or all of three stated objectives:

a) Quickly curtail the use of fossil fuels to reduce the threat of global warming,

b) Increase our energy security by reducing or eliminating dependence on imported energy, and

c) Reduce energy costs.

However, reducing the threat of global warming is the basic objective in all of them.

The other two objectives probably will prove unachieveable for many years, if ever, and thus serve mainly to mask the drastic and painful measures the proposals would require.

Moreover, missing from all the proposals is an essential objective - maintaining an adequate supply of energy while the transition to new sources is being made.

The world faces two enormous challenges concerning energy. One is to supply the huge and fast-growing energy needs of all countries soon enough to avoid global economic chaos and strife.

The other is to produce all that energy without doing too much harm to the earth's environment and climate. Clearly, these two challenges conflict, and most current approaches tilt heavily-too heavily I believe - toward the second.

Any energy policy that strikes an acceptable balance between these two conflicting challenges must cope with five fundamental realities, which also conflict:

1. The global population will grow for years to come, and that, along with rapid economic development in many nations, will inevitably increase the global demand for energy.

2. No nation can develop its economy and mitigate the adverse effects of growth unless it has a strong economy-and it can't have a strong economy without an adequate energy supply.

3. Almost 90 percent of the energy now used worldwide comes from fossil fuels-and, realistically, that can't be changed significantly for many years.

4. Because the total worldwide resources of all fossil fuels, especially crude oil and natural gas, are dwindling as time passes, replacements for them must eventually be developed.

However, global crude oil production will peak and begin to decline many decades before the oil reserves are depleted, so it's much more urgent that adequate supplements be developed, soon enough, for the essential products now made from crude oil.

5. For a long time to come there will be no way to produce adequate amounts of the essential forms of energy without doing some damage to both the environment and the climate.

Any energy policy that ignores any of these realities cannot succeed. Their importance and inherent conflicts will require many very difficult and expensive decisions and compromises, both here and worldwide. Success is not guaranteed.

There are no silver bullets now and none are likely ever to be found. The guiding principle should always be that energy is the lifeblood of modern civilization.

No nation can thrive without a plentiful supply of energy. Thus energy sufficiency is much more important than energy independence.

All efforts to meet the energy challenges will also be constrained and shaped by other important factors.

These include the enormity of U.S. and global energy use, the need for adequate technology, the need for massive amounts of capital investment, and, very importantly, enough time to carry out the selected approaches.

The most serious flaws of most of the programs proposed so far are:

They are based on the questionable premise that the threat of human-caused global warming warrants quickly changing our entire energy structure-sources, distribution, and uses - regardless of the undetermined costs and other consequences.

They greatly underestimate the amount of time and money needed to produce immenese amounts of suitable forms of energy from new sources, and they overestimate the reduction in energy use that can be obtained by conservation and efficiency measures.

They propose to restrict the capability to find, produce and use energy from the current major sources-fossil fuels and nuclear power - before adequate replacements can be provided.

They ignore the fact that whatever the U.S. does to reduce global warming will be overwhelmed by what other nations, especially China and India, do or don't do.

The first three flaws will hasten the advent of much higher energy prices and worse, crippling shortages. It should be obvious that energy shortages are far worse than high prices.

And the fourth flaw will cause the economic and other sacrifices the U.S. will suffer to go largely for naught.

Most or all of the energy programs proposed recently appear to be guided more by environmental motivations and/or political expediency than by sound scientific, engineering, and economic analysis.

Particularly bad, I believe, are the proposed "carbon cap-and-trade" programs of both Presidential candidates and Barack Obama's proposed "windfall profits tax" on oil companies. Such proposals will hasten the decline in domestic energy supplies.

Certainly, federal and state governments must play major roles in forming and guiding the nation's energy policy.

However, they should avoid imposing measures that are unneeded, counterproductive, inequitable, or punitive, such as extreme environmental limitations, subsidies that benefit only a few, and punitive taxes. The current Colorado administration's energy program includes too many such measures.

No knowledgeable person believes we can "drill our way out" of all our energy problems.

However, developing all of our own energy resources is a step in the right direction and there is no valid reason to wait. A sound energy policy must include doing many things at appropriate times, so a carefully-phased program is necessary.

Thorough planning is essential-not the "Ready, Fire, Aim" tendency of many special-interest groups and politicians.

T. L. Gore is a retired chemical engineer with many years of experience in managing, technical planning, and economic activities for a major oil company. He lives in Loveland.

Source: www.denverpost.com

Analyzing GHG Emissions from Biofuels

A new study published in a recent issue of the Science magazine found that using biofuels increases emissions of greenhouse gases when the impact of land converted to cropland is included.

The analysis found that using corn-based ethanol doubles greenhouse gas emissions over 30 years and increases emissions for 167 years. Biofuels from switchgrass that are grown on U.S. corn land increase emissions by 50%, it said.

"Most prior studies have found that substituting biofuels for gasoline will reduce greenhouse gases because biofuels sequester carbon through the growth of the feedstock," according to a brief summary of the study posted on the Science website.

"These analyses have failed to count the carbon emissions that occur as farmers worldwide respond to higher prices and convert forest and grassland to new cropland to replace the grain (or cropland) diverted to biofuels."

Aruvian Research analyzes the two sides of this ongoing debate. While some scientists claim that biofuels give rise to GHG emissions, others argue that biofuels aid in mitigating global warming. Aruvian analyzes points in favor of biofuels and those against them. In this in-depth analysis, the report also covers the basics of biofuels, information about greenhouse gases and global warming, and of course, the present ongoing debate.

Table of Contents

A. Executive Summary

B. What are Biofuels?
B.1 History of Biofuels
B.2 Major Biofuels
B.3 Uses of Biofuels
B.4 What are Direct Biofuels?
B.5 Looking at Biobutanol
B.6 Looking at Ethanol & Biodiesel
B.6.1 Ethanol
B.6.2 Biodiesel
B.7 Pros & Cons of Biofuels
B.8 Future of Biofuels

C. Economics of Biofuels
C.1 Feedstock Costs
C.2 Processing Costs
C.3 Cost of Sales & Use
C.4 Overall Cost
C.5 Retail Cost & Tax Incentives

D. Impact of Biofuels
D.1 Policy Impact on Biofuels
D.1 Environmental & Economic Impact of Biofuels
D.1 Impact on Engines
D.1 Impact on Rural Development

E. Metamorphosis of the Energy Industry & Biofuels

F. Analyzing Greenhouse Gases
F.1 What are Greenhouse Gases
F.2 The Greenhouse Effect
F.1 Climate Change – Resultant Reality of Human Activity
F.2 The Kyoto Protocol – Too Little Too Late?
F.3 The Electricity - GHG Emission Relationship
F.4 Emission Reduction – Commercial Impact
F.5 GHG Reduction – Lacking Mandate Muscle
F.6 Review of Past Voluntary Emission Reduction Plans

G. Driving Voluntary Emission Reduction – Indirect Impulses
G.1 Applying Regulatory Examination
G.2 Public Interest Litigations
G.3 Mobilized Public Focus
G.4 Incentivized Reduction Plans

H. Analyzing Why Biofuels Pose a Threat to Global Warming?
H.1 Introduction
H.2 Biofuels are leading to Deforestation
H.3 Impact of Biofuels on the Climate System
H.4 Lack of Biodiversity
H.5 Role of Industrial Agriculture
H.6 Role of Second-Generation Agrofuels
H.7 Geographically Concentrated Growth of Biofuels in the World
H.8 Impact of Biofuels on Food Security & Food Sovereignty
H.9 Rise in Hunger & Number of Refugees
H.10 Government Policies Aiding Destruction Caused by Biofuels
H.11 Destruction Caused to the Ecosystem

I. Analyzing How Biofuels are Aiding in Sustaining the Reduction of GHG Emissions
I.1 Introduction
I.2 Biofuels are Renewable Sources of Energy
I.3 Biofuels have a Positive Energy Balance
I.4 Carbon Neutrality of Biofuels
I.5 Being the Future Fuel for Transportation

J. Analyzing the Impact of Biomass Fuel Energy Budgets
J.1 Introduction
J.2 Biomass Fuel Energy Budgets
J.3 GHG Budget for Biofuels
J.4 Conclusion

K. Appendix

L. Glossary of Terms

Analyzing Green Electricity in Australia

ARUVIAN NOW PRESENTS - ANALYZING GREEN ELECTRICITY IN AUSTRALIA

Green energy is a term used to describe sources of energy that are considered to be environmentally friendly and non-polluting. These sources of energy may provide a remedy to the systemic effects of global warming and certain forms of pollution.

Green energy is commonly thought of in the context of electricity, heating and cogeneration. Consumers, businesses and organizations may purchase green energy in order to support further development, help reduce the environmental impacts of conventional electricity generation and increase their nation’s energy independence. Renewable energy certificates (Green certificates or green tags) have been one way for consumers and businesses to support green energy. Over 35 million homes in Europe and one million in the United States are purchasing such certificates.

Green electricity has in fact been one of the first products to be marketed in the newly liberalized markets. Australia, Canada, Finland, Germany, Norway, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States are some of the countries in which green pricing activity is on the increase.

Green electricity in Australia is available from a number of green energy suppliers that supply electricity from what are thought to be environmentally friendly energy sources. Typically, this refers to renewable and non-polluting energy sources. The growth and development of the green energy industry is tracked in Australia by the ALTEX-Australia alternative energy index.

Aruvian Research presents a research report that analyzes green electricity in Australia. The report begins with an analysis of the global energy industry, the Australian energy industry and the Australian renewable energy, setting the stage for introducing the importance of green electricity in Australia. The report covers all the renewable energy sectors that are actively participating in generating electricity through ecological methods. Australia’s renewable energy certificate system is also described in details within the report, along with an in-depth analysis of the regulatory framework affecting electricity generation in a green manner.

The leading providers of green electricity in Australia such as AGL, EnergyAustralia, Origin Energy, etc., are all profiled in the report.

Table of Contents

A. Executive Summary

B. A Look at the Global Energy Industry
B.1 Industry Profile
B.2 Global Energy Consumption
B.3 Global Petroleum Markets
B.4 Global Natural Gas Markets
B.5 Global Electricity Markets
B.6 Global Coal Market
B.7 Industry Outlook

C. A Look at the Global Renewable Energy Industry & Australia
C.1 Introduction & Market Profile
C.2 Global Market Capacity
C.3 Wind Energy Market Analysis
C.4 Solar PV Market Analysis
C.5 Global Solar Water Heaters Market Analysis
C.6 Small & Large-Scale Hydroelectricity
C.7 Need for Stability in GHG Emissions
C.8 Common Barriers to Renewable Energy

D. Introduction to the Australian Energy Sector
D.1 Market Profile & Introduction
D.2 Primary Energy Consumption by Sector
D.3 Changing Fuel Consumption Patterns
D.4 Snapshot of Australia’s Renewable Energy Industries
D.5 Australia’s Participation in the Kyoto Protocol
D.6 Emerging Policies on Renewable Energy
D.7 Impact on Business

E. Introduction to Green Energy
E.1 Overview
E.2 What is Green Energy?
E.3 Sources of Green Energy
E.4 Analysis of the Purchasing Method of Green Energy through an Electrical Grid
E.5 Challenges
E.6 The Eugene Green Energy Standard
E.6.1 Introduction
E.6.2 Accredited Schemes
E.6.3 Accredited Energy Labels
E.6.4 Role of the Eugene Network
E.7 Analysis of the Purchasing Method of Green Energy through a Gas Grid
E.8 Case Studies: Green Energy Systems Country-wise Analysis
E.8.1 France
E.8.2 United Kingdom
E.8.3 Spain
E.8.4 Portugal
E.8.5 United States

F. Why the World Needs Green Energy?

G. Green Electricity in Australia

H. Analyzing the Australian Renewable Energy Industry
H.1 Introduction
H.2 Structure of Australia’s Renewable Energy Industry
H.3 Historical Perspective of the Industry
H.4 Present-Day Government Policies
H.4.1 Mandatory Renewable Energy Target (MRET)
H.4.2 Photovoltaic Rebate Program (PVRP)
H.4.3 Renewable Energy Equity Fund (REEF)
H.4.4 Renewable Remote Power Generation Program (RRPGP)
H.4.5 Alternative Fuels Programs
H.4.6 Greenhouse Gas Abatement Program (GGAP)
H.4.7 Low Emissions Technology Demonstration Fund (LETDF)
H.4.8 Low Emissions Technology and Abatement (LETA)
H.4.9 Solar Cities Initiative
H.4.10 Wind Forecasting Program
H.4.11 Advanced Electricity Storage Program
H.4.12 Renewable Energy Development Initiative (REDI)
H.4.13 Greenhouse Challenge Plus
H.5 Outcomes & Future Results of Government Policies
H.6 How will the Government Policies Impact the Future for the Renewable Energy Industry

I. Importance of the Australian Renewable Energy Industry
I.1 Role of Renewables in Electricity Markets
I.2 Contribution of the Renewable Energy Industry to the Economy
I.3 Role in the Generation Sector
I.4 Role in the Manufacturing Sector
I.5 The Future of Renewable Energy Manufacturing in Australia
I.6 Role in the Services Sector
I.7 Investment in the Renewable Energy Industry

J. Analyzing Australia’s Renewable Energy Certificate System
J.1 Overview & Historical Background
J.2 Primary Objective of the Mandatory Renewable Energy Target (MRET)
J.3 Understanding the Legal Framework
J.4 Role of Renewable Energy Certificates
J.5 Investment in the Act
J.6 Market Trading
J.7 Conclusion

K. Renewable Energy Use in Electricity Generation

L. Looking at the Renewable Energy Mix
L.1 Biomass
L.2 Large-scale Hydro
L.3 Small-scale Hydro
L.4 Wind
L.5 Solar
L.5.1 Solar Photovoltaic
L.5.2 Solar Thermal
L.6 Geothermal
L.7 Tidal, Wave & Ocean

M. Green Power Schemes in Australia
M.1 Looking at the Schemes
M.2 Challenges to Renewable Electricity Generation Capacity

N. Future Perspective for the Australian Renewable Energy Industry
N.1 Outlook for the Domestic Market
N.1.1 Benefit/Levy Arrangement
N.1.2 Feed-in Tariffs
N.1.3 Mandatory Low Emission Target Scheme
N.1.4 Renewable Portfolio Standard
N.2 Outlook for Export Markets

O. Leading Industry Contributors
O.1 AGL
O.2 ARK Climate
O.3 Australian Power & Gas
O.4 Click Energy
O.5 Climate Friendly
O.6 Country Energy
O.7 COZero
O.8 Domayne
O.9 EnergyAustralia
O.10 Ergon Energy Queensland
O.11 Global Green Plan
O.12 Integral Energy
O.13 Jackgreen
O.14 Momentum Energy
O.15 Origin Energy
O.16 Our Neighborhood Energy
O.17 Queensland Electricity
O.18 Simply Energy
O.19 South Australia Electricity
O.20 Synergy
O.21 TRUenergy
O.22 Victoria Electricity

P. Appendix

Q. Glossary of Terms

Aruvian Research - Intro

Aruvian Research is the one stop for all kind of Reports . we cater to every industry from every geography in the world.